Cookies Essay - 872 Words

Ice cream, cookies, cake , candy, or just plain chocolate—whatever it is, we all have our vices. Mine are cookies. Specifically, thick, soft, buttery cookies like what you might find in a bakery, and one of my favorites are snickerdoodles. Theyre a classic, right up there with chocolate chip, sugar, peanut butter, or oatmeal raisin cookies. And you know what? You dont even have to go out and buy them. You can make them at home, and I can show you how. Regardless if youre cooking or baking, the first thing you should do is read the recipe youre following. You want to make sure that you not only have the ingredients on hand, but enough to make the recipe. Secondly, you need to consider how many people youre serving. Do you wat a small†¦show more content†¦This serves a couple purposes: the sugar is distributed throughout the butter, and allows it to dissolve into the butter. Additionally, as you beat the butter and sugar together, youre incorporating air into the batter, giving our cookies a lighter, fluffy texture. The air pockets in the cookie dough are poor heat conductors, meaning that they help insulate the dough and slow down the rate that the butter and sugar melt (Parks). Ideally, butter thats room temperature should be used for this process. Its not only easier to mix, but theres a science behind it. Butter thats too cold doesnt mix well and doesnt get enough air bubbles. Using melted butter will get air bubbles in the batter, but will collapse and make the cookies thin (Robbins). After the sugar and butter have been beaten into a fluffy paste, add the eggs and mix well. In a separate medium sized bowl, you add the dry ingredients: 2  ¾ cups flour, 2 tsp. Cream of tartar, 1 tsp. Baking soda, and  ½ tsp. Salt. These are whisked together and mixed separately. When you mix the dry ingredients separately, you ensure that the soda, salt, and cream of tartar are evenly distributed. Mixing wet and dry ingredients separately allows each set to be mixed thoroughly on its own and combined together with little mixing. In most cases overmixing creates a tough texture. Dry ingredients should be added gradually. After the dough is mixed, you need to let it rest and chill inShow MoreRelatedEssay on Kristens Cookies1009 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide fresh cookies to hungry students late at night. Evaluation of the preliminary design for the company’s production process will be required in order to make key policy decisions, including what prices to charge, what equipment to order and how many orders to accept, and to determine whether the business can be profitable. i) Identify the items, resources, and the tasks. Draw a process flow diagram for this process. Items: Cookie Ingredients Cookie Dough Baked Cookies Resources: Read MoreEssay about An Exposition on Peanut Butter Cookies554 Words   |  3 PagesAn Exposition on Peanut Butter Cookies Have you ever tried to bake peanut butter cookies, and for some reason they were a complete flap because they were dry and crunchy, too moist and crumbly, or perhaps they had a terrible taste? Well, I have discovered this cool new recipe and I have never failed at making them. Have no fear, the ultimate peanut butter cookie recipe is here. We will need the following ingredients: 1c. of brown sugar, 1c. of white sugar, 1c. of margarine or butter, 1c. ofRead MoreCookies Essay721 Words   |  3 PagesI will make a bunch of cut-out cookies for my boys using my Grandma Christy’s cut-out cookie recipe. These are the best tasting cookies that I have ever had and they brought so much joy to my children yearly that I thought why not make these for others to enjoy too! 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We also use cookies for other purposes, such as to betterRead MoreEssay on Ethics of Cookies1279 Words   |  6 PagesEthics of Cookies eth ·ic 1 plural but singular or plural in construction : the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation 2 a : a set of moral principles or values b : a theory or system of moral values lt;the present-day materialistic ethic c plural but singular or plural in construction : the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group lt;professional ethics d : a guiding philosophy HTTP cookie lt;World-Wide Web A packet ofRead MoreGrandma’s Sweet Peanut Butter Cookies Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever ate one of your favorite foods so much, that every time you reunite with them, it feels like your first time. Well that’s me with my delicious Grandma’s sweet peanut butter cookies from scratch. No matter how many times I eat them it always feels like their new to my taste buds. I will never forget the day my taste buds was in for a surprise. As I approach the turn to my Grandmothers house, my stomach turns in the anticipation of the perfectly sweet peanut butter cookie smellRead MoreHome-Style Cookies Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesinto a computer which determines the correct amount of ingredients needed to produce the order. The ingredients are transferred into the mixers then to a cutting machine. The cookies are then transferred to an oven then to a cooling rack. After the cookies are cooked then they are manually packed. Lastly the packaged cookies are labeled and sealed. 2. What are two ways that the company has increased productivity? Why did increasing the length of the ovens result in a faster output rate? 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They both are distinct in their individual means of ingredients, cooking and traditional settings for consumption. There are very few things you can do to ruin a simple chocolate chip cookie if you follow

The Internationalisation Process Of Nigerian Firms Essay

Contribution to Knowledge The internationalisation process of Nigerian firms took different path. The manufacturing had invested in a close distance country where market opportunities are identified and other had initial expansion abroad was to follow their Nigerian customers that were present in the neighbouring country. 1. Theoretical Contributions The findings indicate the internationalisation process of Nigerian firms deviate from the main stream theoretical claim such as Uppsala model. It can be said that Nigerian firms internationalise to close proximity country not close psychic distance in their early stage of their internationalisation as they follow their clients to render services across border. Proximity not due to Psychic Distance as alleged in Uppsala Model but to the presence of home countries customers presence in the host countries. Home institution factors had also play a role in the rapid growth of the firms due to the recapitalisation requirements by the Government and this allow the firms to bring in capital and to utilise that capital wisely and embark in foreign expansion. (OLI) The recapitalisation and stock listing gave the firms more resources and capacities to be in a better position to compete better in a foreign market this is in line with Ownership capabilities of OLI theory, 2. Literature Contribution: This study contribute to knowledge to fill the gap in literature as bringing understanding in to on-going debate on (EM)Show MoreRelatedThe Internationalisation Process Of Nigerian Firms907 Words   |  4 Pagesthe internationalisation process of Nigerian firms empirically as this is one of the few studies that have taken this approach in the context of the study using seven case firms. 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The firm’s evolution, expansion and internationalisation is an example and a proof of a good government economic policy that propelled a visionary businessman with entrepreneurial abilities to build one of the largest†¦multinational firm in SSA (Interviewee Alpha_g1 September 2015). The firm’s domestic expansion had contributed to a large extent to the increased levels of industrial development and the economic growth of

Benchmarking and Evidence Human Resource Practises

Question: Discuss about the Benchmarking and Evidence for Human Resource Practises. Answer: Human Resource Management Employees are the primary stakeholders of every operational business institution, they form part of the organization that plays a key role in ensuring that the organizational objectives, mission, and vision are achieved. Competitive advantage between the retails institutions and the large firms are determined by the commitment of the employee to their job functions and responsibility, customer satisfaction is also one of the essential aspects that expresses the importance of employee in an organization. Consequently, retail organizations find it difficult to recruit qualified employee that they will ensure high performance. The solution on this arising issue affecting the retail industry is using the strategic management system which consists the essential elements of human resource management which will ensure that the organization is steering towards improving in production, growth and increasing in profit making. Benchmarking is a vital aspect of human resource management in an organization. It is the technique that that uses quantitative or qualitative, to measure the performance of an organization against the different human resource aspects. It is also defined to be the process of conducting a study and adoption of the best human resource practices, such as recruitment, motivation, and employee retention(Mathis, 2016). While evidence-Based Human resource management practices are also the fundamental component of human resource management, it refers to the process of using the existing evidence within the human resource department to make a decisive decision that has positive impact impressing the importance of human resource in the organization. Benchmarking as the human resource aspects could be used in HR department in generating evidence based on work history and the current evidence(Aveyard, 2009). Performance Improvement Retail organization in a business environment strive towards achieving their goals and objectives with less limiting factors, basically, this implies the application of strategic management system which when applied they positively affect the operation of the business, and thus promoting the performance of the retail industry in a business environment(Mello, 2014). According to the paper objectives, talented employees are considered to improve their performance and that of the organization, this is because of the passion they have for their job functions in the organization. Performance improvement state's talent as a factor which is used by management in job designing(Schultz, 2015). Benchmarking and evidence-based practices provide the assumption of improvement in the performance of both employee and business enterprise in general. Benchmarking has authenticated the evidence which gives rise to the functionality of the evidence-based human resource practices. The strategic management tool allows the top managers to evaluate their employee performance in the organization, thus enhance competitive advantage to the organization. The high-performance standard is also enhanced by the evidence-based human resource practices(Von Rosing, 2014). While recruiting, evaluating and retaining employees in the organization, the organization used the existing evidence to identify those employees who have to qualify for the top position in the organization. Motivation Motivation in human resource is embraced to be the key factor of benchmarking and evidence-based practices human resource practices. It is defined as the strategic management practices that the managers in an organization impose to the employee, this gives the reason as to why employee work in a particular manner that impresses increase in productivity. Benchmarking and evidence-based human resource practices act as the framework of promoting the motivation aspects in the organization. In the retail industry, motivation acts as the pillar of the organizational success in achieving the set goals and objectives(Aveyard, 2009). While conducting benchmarking, employee tends to be acting towards recognizing in relation to the expertise and skill which one has in relation to specific areas of specialization. The importance of evidence-based human resource practices relies on the data obtained during the process of benchmarking(Mathis, 2016). The organizational management in retail industry uses motivation as a factor which is vital in business process re-engineering, employees and top management take talent as an element which contributes motivation to their jobs in the organizations. Decision makings Benchmarking and evidence-based human resource practices are the fundamental strategic management tools which form part of the decision made by the organization while improving its performance. The human resource decision making requires that the managers and other top organization officials should consider taking the assumption of existing evidence in relation to the objectives of conducting benchmarking process(Dulebohn, 2013). The applications of Evidence practices in the retail industry increase the top management ability to make significance decision which has an impact on the organization operations. The decisions made by the top management in relation to employee performance and their decision towards the organization operation are based on the research conducted and the date obtained from the benchmarking process(Dulebohn, 2013). Implementation of evidence-based human resource and benchmarking practices play a pragmatic role while making the decision relating to the managemen t of the available resource. Management of an organization makes decision which takes into account the data obtained from auditing of asset and general organizational auditing(Marler, 2013). Lowering Labor Costs Labor cost comprises the expense that the organization in retail industry incur while embracing the staffing process. Strategic management tools form the foundation on how the organization can reduce and lower the cost to be incurred while recruiting and retaining qualified employees(Lange, 2013). Benchmarking and evidence-based human resource practices are the essential strategic human resource management system which is used by the organization to employee new and qualified employees and retaining the existing staff. Lowering labor cost implies the evaluation of employee performance based on their expertise and skills, an organization should consider the information the applicant is having as the recommendation from other organization. The recommendation provided by the other organizations explains the performance of an employee, this acts as the evidence which could be used during the recruitment process, this reduces the cost of labor and recruitment. The applicant will receive their wages and salaries based on the skill and expertise(Baron, 2007). The organization who evaluate and analyses applicant skills and expertise tends to reduce the labor cost which should have been incurred while training and conducting orientation programs. Better informed practitioners The strategic management system in the human resource are the main aspects which built professional employees in an organization. Business enterprise in the retail industry has the responsibility of using benchmarking as an aspect which will allow the employment of well-informed human resource professional who will deliver the objectives of an organization(Mathis, 2016). Competitive advantage in retail industry embraces the significance of evidence-based human resource practices, this is implied by the fact that the organization gets to employee staff members who realize their responsibility and function in the organization. Retail organization management has the obligation of making sure that employee the talented employee who will ensure that they work in accordance with the organizational frameworks. When employees are benchmarked and are identified to have qualified expertise in specific areas, the organizations are obligated in ensuring that they take advantage of business restr ucturing process and talented employees(Baron, 2007). Conclusion Development of retail industry in business environment takes the assumption of different essential aspects, where the strategic management tools are the primary aspects. Benchmarking and evidence human resource practices are the main strategic management tools used to impress the purpose of the paper. However, talent is a primary factor that operates in all aspect of human resource management in an organization, talent related to the passion which employee have towards their jobs and responsibilities in the organization. The significance of benchmarking and evidence-base practices is centralized around the talent that the employee has while performing their job functions. References Aveyard, H. a. (2009). A Beginners Guide to Evidence Based Practice in Business . Baron, A. (2007). Human capital management: achieving added value through people. Kogan Page Publishers. Dulebohn, J. H. (2013). Human resource metrics and decision support: A classification framework. (Vol. 1). Human Resource Management Review. Lange, T. (2013). Evidence-based HRM: a scholarship perspective with a difference. In Evidence-Based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship (Vol. 1 ). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Marler, J. H. (2013). An evidence-based review of e-HRM and strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review,. Mathis, R. L. (2016). Human resource management. Nelson Education. McKenna, E. F. (2008). Human resource management: a concise analysis. Pearson Education. Mello, J. A. (2014). Strategic human resource management. . Nelson Education. Schultz, C. . (2015). Reinventing HR: Strategic and Organisational Relevance of the Human Resources Function . Knowres Publishing. Snell, S. A. (2015). Managing human resources. Nelson Education. Von Rosing, M. V. (2014). The complete business process handbook: body of knowledge from process modeling to BPM . Morgan Kaufmann.

Swissair alliances case study free essay sample

The Swiss Air Transport Co. Ltd. , was founded in 1931 to fly between Switzerland and a handful of central European locations. By 1949, the company had become the Swiss flag airline, and had inaugurated long-haul intercontinental service over the North Atlantic. By 1970, Swissair also served destinations in Asia, Africa, and South America. In 1990, Swissair was among the top 20 airlines in international revenue-passenger-kilometers flown and among the top ten in international passengers carried. The carrier had revenues of $2. 2 billion in 1989, with strong enough cash flow to self-finance between 50% to 100% of its expenditure for aircraft and other capital equipment each year. It owned several subsidiaries, including two charter airlines and the largest travel agent in Switzerland. Unlike many of its European competitors, Swissair was not owned by the national government. Only about 22% of its equity was owned by various Swiss authorities. Swissair’s main hub was Zurich’s Kloten airport with European traffic also routed through Geneva. We will write a custom essay sample on Swissair alliances case study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page About 7 million people lived in Switzerland, Its two major cities, Zurich and Geneva, were important global business and financial centers, helping Switzerland become the wealthiest nation, per capital, in Europe. Switzerland’s gross domestic product was forecast to reach nearly $175 billion in 1990, having grown steadily at between 2% and 3% per year over the previous five years. Labor markets were extremely tight in Switzerland during the period, with unemployment as low as 0. 5%. Despite this, Swiss inflation was low and stable; prices rose an average of 2% per year in the 1908s. Although Switzerland had not joined the European Community (EC), almost 60% of imports and over 70% of exports were traded with the European neighbors. Swissair’s route structure in 1990 consisted of flights to over 100 destinations. Most flights were â€Å"short hauls† within Europe (Swissair carried 5. 9% of European traffic in 1990) but it also flew to destinations on every continent except Australia. Government approved prices for short haul flights between Western Europe and Switzerland were among the most expensive in Europe. Swissair concentrated on attracting international business travelers. Despite high fares, 5. 4% of passengers travelled first class on Swissair, compared to 2% for the average European airline. Similarly, 38. 5% of Swissair’s passengers flew full fare economy, while 34. 8% did so on the average European carries. Swissair repeatedly won awards and strong praise from the air transport and business media for excellence in customer service and overall product superiority. Swissair faced higher wages and operating costs than most other European airlines. The 1000 pilots and flight engineers bargained collectively, as did the 2500 flight attendants. Swissair invested heavily in aircraft maintenance. They sell their planes very young (average age for a Swissair plane was 7 years in 1990, compared to an industry average of 12 years). Like most major international airlines, Swissair also invested heavily in computerized reservation systems (CRSs) during the 1980s; it cost Swissair SFR 20 million (about $16 million) in 1989. In 1989, there were 157 member airlines in the International Air Transport Association (IATA). They transported approximately 858 million passengers in 1989, of which 25% flew internationally. Operating revenues of the world’s airlines had grown 10. 1% annually between 1984 and 1989. Reaching $182. 5 billion in 1989. In fact, by 1990, limited global deregulation became a reality: governments of many industrialized nations in Europe and Asia were loosening restrictions on operating rights and fare pricing, while retaining regulation of traffic safety and security. Swissair’s management viewed its primary competition as large quality-oriented European firms. They were Air France, Lufthansa, British Air, KLM, and SAS. The European Community passed the single European Act in 1985, they set in motion plans to integrate the area into a single, unified trading zone, with reduced regulation by the end of 1992. They will have a home market of 350 million, compared to our seven million. Negotiations on tariffs, market access, and capacity will be lopsided and we will be over a barrel. In March 1989, Swissair and Delta signed an agreement for transatlantic cooperation. Swissair and SAS signed a cooperation agreement which led to the formation of the European quality alliance with Austrian Airlines and Finnair in October 1989. II. Environment Analysis A- General Environment GENERAL ENVIRONMENT FORCES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Socio-demo-cultural 1. The customers are willing to pay high fares. 2. Swiss inflation was low and stable; prices raised an average of 2% per year in the 1908s. 1. As a small country, Switzerland has 7 million people who lived in Switzerland. Technological 1. Using Computerized Reservation System (CRSs) were the chief methods by which airlines influenced the air carrier selections of travel agents and passengers. Economic 1. Switzerland’s gross domestic product was forecast to reach nearly $175 billion in 1990, having grown steadily at between 2% and 3% per year over the previous five years. 2. Although Switzerland had not joined the European Community (EC), almost 60% of imports and over 70% of exports were traded with the European neighbors. 1. Airlines had almost no leverage vis-a-vis fuel suppliers in the short-term, for airlines had no way to control the price, or their consumption, of fuel. Politico-legal 1. Government approved prices for short haul flights between Western Europe and Switzerland B. Industry Environment ENVIRONMENT FORCES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Rivalry among competing firms 1. 2. 1. In 1989, there were 157 member airlines in the International Air Transport Association (IATA). 2. Swissair had higher fare compared with other Airlines Economic 1. 3. Operating revenues of the world’s airlines had grown 10. 1% annually between 1984 and 1989. Reaching $182. 5 billion in 1989. 2. In fact, by 1990, limited global deregulation became a reality: governments of many industrialized nations in Europe and Asia were loosening restrictions on operating rights and fare pricing. 1. 2. n. Bargaining power of suppliers 1. 2. 1. Limited bargaining power with aircraft suppliers. 2. C– Internal Environment FUNCTIONAL AREAS STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Finance 1. Swissair had revenues amounting to more than $3 billion in 1989. The company also had strong cash flows to self-finance its aircraft expenditures and capital equipment. 2. Willingness of its passengers to pay premium fares in exchange for its excellent carrier services were among the main reason for the company’s financial strength. 1. Swissair had low profitability ratios compared with other airlines such as return on assets was 1. 6% and return on equity was 6. 59%. Marketing 1. Strong in marketing poisoning as ‘one of the premier air carriers in the world†. Production Operations 1. By 1949, the company had become the Swiss flag airline 2. Swissair was also undeniably superior as compared to most of its competitors. 3. Provided high quality services. 1. Swissair is mainly short-haul routes; number of long-haul routes is few. Organization and Management 1. Swissair was strong line-up of customer service, technical and maintenance staff (pilots, flight attendants, flight engineers, ground personnel,.. ). 1. High cost structure of its wages and operations. 2. Swissair’s management was also too centralized as all decisions were being made in Zurich. III. Assumptions 1. General environment stability Based on the facts identified in the case study, it would be safe to assume that Swissair was part of a general environment that was relatively stable economically and politically. As part of a country with an unemployment rate that was almost zero percent, a low and stable inflation rate and a profitable business environment, Swissair had all the opportunities to expand its business and go beyond its geographic limits to tap new markets and strengthen its position in its existing customer bases. 2. Industry Growth Prospect The case study facts emphasized the consistent travel demand growth in the airline industry that has been happening for many decades since Swissair was founded. Thus, it would be safe to assume that the industry growth will continuously transpire for many more years and will open up more opportunities for international air carrier companies such as Swissair to expand their business. The travel demand growth will more likely continue as the population expands which will further strengthen the airline industry business. However, more intense competition will more likely be stirred up among the different international air carrier companies. 3. Financial strength of the company During the latter part of 1980s, Swissair had revenues amounting to more than $2 billion dollars. The company also had strong cash flows to self-finance its aircraft expenditures and capital equipment. The strong customer service reputation of Swissair and the willingness of its passengers to pay premium fares in exchange for its excellent carrier services were among the main reasons for the company’s financial strength. One solid proof of the strong financial capabilities of Swissair was its initiative in forming several global and intercontinental alliances with other international air carrier companies. Given these facts, it would be logical to assume that Swissair’s act of establishing global alliances was driven not by the need to become financially strong but to maintain and further establish its financial strength and strong competitive position in the airline industry in the long run. However, Swissair had low profitability ratios compared to other airlines such as return on asset was only 1. 60% and the return on equity was 6. 59%. I. Liquidity Measurement Ratio 1. Current Ratio: CR = Current Assets/Current Liabilities II. Profitability indicator ratios: 1. Return On Assets ROA = Net Income/Average Total Assets 2. Return On Equity Return on Equity = Net Income/ Average Shareholders’ Equity Swissair Delta SIA SAS American United BA Lufthansa JAL 1. Current Ratio 1. 94 0. 56 1. 57 1. 51 0. 60 0. 85 0. 49 NA 1. 16 2. Return On Assets 1. 60% 4. 19% 14. 58% NA 4. 18% 4. 50% 5. 09% 1. 10% 1. 60% 3. Return On Equity 6. 59% 11. 67% 21. 83% NA 12. 08% 20. 72% 24. 45% 3. 78% 7. 24% I. Problem Statement Swissair faced several challenges and obstacles in confronting the new competitive environment that emerged in the early 1990s. The first important issue that Swissair encountered was the global deregulation which drove governments in Asian and European nations to loosen their restrictions on operating rights and fare pricing. The new policy implemented by ASA (aviation service agreement) imposed restrictions on international air carriers such as Swissair in operating within another country’s domestic borders. Through ASA’s new policy, Swissair was no longer allowed to fly and operate domestic flights within the United States (e. g. , flights from New York to Boston) although it maintained international flights from Zurich to any point in the United States and vice-versa. Thus, Swissair’s operations became limited and its profitability was adversely affected. Another significant issue that was faced by Swissair was the rise of a new and more radical political environment in Europe. The European Community’s Single European Act of 1985 brought about political and regulatory consequences on the Swissair operations. Among the important repercussions of this new regulation was the deregulation of the fare pricing structure on all international flights which placed emphasis on deep-discount fares. This huge change in the pricing structure led to profitability issues for the Swissair business. In forming global alliances with other international air carrier companies, Swissair found itself in a precarious position of not knowing whether or not the global alliances it formed will help the company weather the upcoming changes in the competitive airline business environment. II. Alternative Course of Action A. Description of Alternative 1 The Swiss Air Transport Co. Ltd should launch its own airline carrier brand apart from Swissair that offers cheap or discounted international flights to cater to the business travellers who are part of the lower end of the market. Since Swissair has a strong financial position, it has the capacity to finance a new airline brand that would take travellers to and from Europe at more affordable airfare rates. However, Swissair must be cautious of maintaining its premium brand image and its excellent customer service so as to differentiate itself from the new airline brand that its mother company will establish. A. 1. Advantages Creating and launching a new airline brand that offers cheaper international flights to and from Europe to other continents will enable Swissair to tap more profitable markets of business travellers who are searching for a more affordable means of travelling around the world. The Swiss Air Transport Co. Ltd will not be able to violate the European Community’s Single European Act of 1985 which includes provisions for deep-discount fares as it will be launching a new carrier with cheaper international fares. A. 2. Disadvantages It would be require a huge amount of investment for the Swiss Air Transport Co. Ltd. to create and launch a new airline brand that offers cheaper international flights. It may take longer time for the Swiss Air Transport Co. Ltd. to respond to the European Community’s Single European Act of 1985 as it would take years to create and launch a new airline brand. Profitability issues may arise from creating and launching a new airline brand that offers cheap airfare rates. B. Description of Alternative 2 Swissair should focus on maintaining its brand reputation of delivering premium quality and excellent customer service that will justify its high airfare price rates. Swissair must do niche marketing to specifically target business and luxury travellers who are not price sensitive and are willing to pay a huge amount of money for a uniquely superior and one of a kind travel experience. B. 1. Advantages By further improving its brand position, Swissair will be able to build a loyal following of customers willing to pay airfare prices at premium. Swissair will eventually own the niche market of business and luxury travellers who prefer a superior and excellent travel experience. Swissair will be able to further improve its current quality and excellent customer service which will make the travel experience of its customers more exciting, fun and memorable. B. 2. Disadvantages Swissair will encounter cost-structure issues with the European Community’s (EC) Single European Act of 1985 and will be required to renegotiate terms with the European ASAs and the representatives of the EC. Swissair’s customer base will be very limited. Sustaining good profit may become an issue in the long run. C. Description of Alternative 3 Swissair must find a way to overhaul its existing cost structure and cut down unnecessary expenses on wages and operations. The Swissair management must assess all the variables affecting the company’s airfare rates and identify which cost areas it must cut down. C. 1. Advantages By cutting down unnecessary costs, the Swissair management may be able to lower down its â€Å"expensive† airfare rates. Lower airfare rates will enable Swissair to tap additional markets of travellers. Profitability issues may potentially be solved through cost-cutting measures. C. 2. Disadvantages The premium image of Swissair may be negatively affected by the cost-cutting measures. The quality of Swissair’s products and customer service may decline as the management will be focused on cutting down all unnecessary costs. VI. Recommended Alternative and Action Plans Based on the analysis above, alternative No. 3 is the best alternative among three alternatives and it should be chosen to implement. Function area Objective Strategies Timeline Budget Marketing Production To negotiate costs of production of every new aircraft and others inputs purchased by Swissair Ensure that Swissair personnel are able to successfully negotiate production costs for the Swissair aircrafts. Within one year Operation Management To cut 10% cost of operation and management The Swissair management must inform all its operations and marketing personnel of the areas where the cost-cutting measures will be applied. Within one year Finance

The Film Transporter 3 and Its Narrative Structure

The Film Transporter 3 and Its Narrative Structure Introduction Film like all other forms of art employs the usage of different elements of narrative to tell a particular story. No two film plots are exactly the same and each director has his/her own way of ensuring that each piece of work he/she is involved in has unique features that link the final product to him/her. This essay seeks to analyze the narrative structure of the film Transporter 3. To this end, a summary of the film story shall be provided and then a well detailed analysis of the structure will follow citing adequate examples of from the film.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Film Transporter 3 and Its Narrative Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summary of the plot In order to understand the narrative structure of a given film, it is of paramount importance that a clear understanding of the plot be made. In summary, Transporter 3 film is the third installment of the Transporter series in w hich the services of the lead character Frank Martin are enlisted to transport certain items/people from one corner of the world to another. For this last part of the sequel, Frank is kidnapped by an assassin named Johnson and required to transport a certain young girl, Valentina from Marseille to Budapest. He is also to deliver a certain package at the said location and he is made to believe that the package is the primary item he is to deliver. Frank and Valenina are handed bracelets laden with explosives and they are set to go off should they veer off from the car. In a slightly different development some Russian agents have been sent to kill Frank before he can complete his mission. Since Johnson and his men are constantly tracking Frank via GPS, it becomes impossible for the latter to change the course of the journey. Against all odds, though, Frank manages to overcome the challenges that come his way and manages to deliver the girl in Budapest but not before having a romantic session with her. Narrative structure The action film Transporter 3 follows the three act narrative structure. This basically means that it has a setup that introduces the viewer to a given element of conflict before a resolution is arrived at. In this particular film, Frank is forced to transport a certain package alongside a young girl (Valentina) who happens to be the daughter of head of the Environmental Protection Agency for Ukraine, Leonid Vasilev. This is the setup part of the narrative where we are introduced to the element of contention that will result in conflict much later in the film. As the scenes unfold, it becomes clear that Frank had been tricked and that Valentina is the actual â€Å"package† that he is supposed to deliver. Part of the setup aspect is the revelation that Frank and Valentina have been tagged with distance triggered explosives which prevent either of the two from going more than 75 meters from the car. This helps the view understand why the tw o have to contend with each other even though there is initial tension between them.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conflict aspect of the narrative comes in when Frank has to constantly battle the individuals who hired him to deliver the â€Å"package† and officials from the Russian government who are out to intercept him. The non-cooperation from his passenger Valentina is also a challenge that Frank has to contend with. We see Frank getting annoyed with the girl when she intoxicates herself with drugs and alcohol. This is just one of the numerous times that we see some form of conflict arise between the two travelers. The resolution gradually kicks in when Frank and Valentina develop affection for each other owing to the fact that they have been forced to stay together for an extended period of time. After outwitting all the assailants that are after him by pulling such physically impossible stunts as outrunning a speeding car and safely crashing over two bridges, he arrives at Budapest with the girl in one piece. This brings the film to a settled conclusion whereby the viewers are not able to clearly understand why some characters in the film had to carry themselves in particular ways. The film appears to conform to the model of the classical Hollywood cinema where it has two distinct lines of narrative development, with one element leading us to follow Frank and his passenger as they drive across the black sea while avoiding and dodging the Russian. The other line follows the romantic relationship between the two lead actors (Frank and Valentina) and this develops in its own tempo but parallel to the main goal of the story (Pramagiorre and Wallis 2005, 41). The characters in the narrative generally fall in at least one of the seven spheres of action that have been fronted by the scholar Vladimir Propp (Thury and Devinney 520-521). These seven categories are hero, villain, helper, donor, princess, dispatcher and false hero (Thury and Devinney 520-521). Frank is the accepted hero of the film owing to the fact that he manages to take down his enemies and safely deliver Valentina to her parents. The individuals who forced him on the mission are the dispatchers and they are also very instrumental in the development of the plot since without them the narrative would not have kicked off. Valentina is the princess and she doesn’t do much in the story but wait for the hero to save and protect her from all the individuals that are out to harm her. The Russian agents are the villains and their main role in the film is to basically disrupt the sequence of events by constantly diverting the direction that the story is taking. Like in most Hollywood creations, the villains generally end up losing by the time the film ends.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Film Transporter 3 and Its Narr ative Structure specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The narrative of the film is generally omniscient in the sense that the viewer is able to see all the developments as they unfold (Chatman 1980, 212). The viewer is able to track the movement of the lead character, Frank, and at the same time follow the deliberations of the assailants as they craft ways to get to capture and kill him. This supreme overseer element sustains throughout the film as the narration smoothly transitions to connect the chaser and the chase in some form of explosive conflict. The action in the story is motivated by the fact that like with any other well developed film, there are good and bad guys. The good guy (in this case Frank Martin) is going on with his regular life until things change and he finds himself under the manipulation of the bad guys (Johnson and the Russians). He has to find a way of getting rid of the bad guys hanging over his shoulder once and for al l while at the same time protect all the innocent individuals that he comes in contact with (Valentina). The bad guys on the other hand have their own goals and they take all the necessary steps to ensure that they achieve what they have set to. Their efforts are however not fruitful as the story ends with the good guy having won the challenge and well on his way to his former quiet life. The end of the story however leaves the viewer in a lot of suspense as it is not easy to predict which way the lives of the surviving characters in the story will take. Since the film is but a work of art, there is a general story and a plot to help develop the same story (Aumont 1992, 91). The story is basically an outlining of the challenges that the transporter has to go through in fulfilling his objective of moving a package from Marseille to Budapest. The plot is kicks in with the gradual revelation of what the package is through the various conflicts that happen in the story. The plot and the story are however intertwined in such a way that the viewer cannot distinctly tell them apart. The story ends with the package having been delivered and the plot also reaches a genuine finality with the viewer realizing that the package was the girl, Valentina. In general, all the characters from the story have goals and this is the main reason why they act in the ways they do. Frank, the lead character intends to deliver the package in Budapest and get on with his life while his passenger, Valentina, hopes to get out of the mess that she has found herself in safely. The goal of the Russian agents is to intercept Frank before he gets to his destination and that of the individuals who set him on the mission is to ensure that he delivers the package as instructed. The pursuit of the different goals help drive the story and the regular crossing of the paths of all the characters helps bring out the intended cinematic and dramatic effect. Like with most other films, the story could eas ily have been told with the omission of a number of scenes but in order to give the film some mileage, the creators introduce an element of romance to act as some form of comic relief.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The development of romantic relations between Frank and Valentina has been put in the film ostensibly to give that part of the film a different slow-down to counter the rapid pace that the rest of the film has been hitherto taking. This, of course, also results in the final product getting a few extra minutes on the running time to reduce the element of the audience feeling â€Å"cheated†. In the maintenance of continuity, the editors of the film have to a large extent employed the technique of cross-cutting whereby the viewer is moved from one scene to another spatially unrelated scene in a series of shots (Dancyger 2007, 451). This method puts the viewer is in a position to understand that the scenes in question are separate but the happenings are parallel and related to each other. The match-on-action technique of continuity editing has also been used particularly in scenes that are heavy with action sequences. This is a technique that basically requires that a shot picks up immediately where the preceding shot had left (Bordwell 1985, 293). For instance, in the scenes where Frank crashes off bridges, the progression of shots used emphasizes the distance that the car jumps and the general effect of the impact. This technique has also been utilized in the shooting and fight scenes in order to weave the unfolding of evens as one piece of the story. Conclusion Each film is an independent work of art and it will tend to have unique structure particularly in terms of the narrative element and this will primarily depend on the choices made by the creator. This essay has analyzed the narrative structure of the film Transporter 3 by providing an assessment of the general narrative, a review of the shot techniques and has also studied elements of characters and characterization that are applicable for this film. Various forms of literature have been used to provide the background for assessment of the movie particularly in explaining the theories behind film narrative structure. Reference List Aumont, Jacques. 1992. Aesthetics of film. Texas: Texas University Press. Bordwell, David. 1985. Narration in the fiction film. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. Chatman, Seymour. 1980. Story and discourse: narrative structure in fiction and film.  New York: Cornell University Press. Dancyger, Ken. 2007. The technique of film and video editing: history, theory, and  practice. Massachusetts: Focal Press. Pramagiorre, Maria and Tom Wallis. 2005. Film: a critical introduction. London: Laurence King Publishers. Thury, Eva and Margaret Devinney. 2005. Introduction to mythology: contemporary  approaches to classical and world myths. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

How To Write Cold Emails The Right Way

How To Write Cold Emails The Right Way Cold email marketing became popular in the past few years, the idea being that it was an extension of genuine interest and engagement. You’d let people know you mentioned them in a blog post, or referenced them in some other content, like in an ebook. Or you’d share something you wrote that they might be interested in for their own blog or research. They would most likely share it with their followers. Good times, all around. And it worked. Unfortunately, it has morphed into something else, much like guest blogging was co-opted by spammers and sullied. I wish I could share the tweet with you that set my mind to writing this post, but unfortunately, it has been pulled down. Essentially, with typical Twitter bluntness, the writer of the tweet said this: Online email marketing today is an email from some guy saying, â€Å"I mentioned you in this thing I wrote. Share it with all your people.† I suspect he pulled the tweet down because the language was a bit more colorful than this, no doubt stemming from the sense of frustration as his already burgeoning inbox was bombarded by this careless kind of marketing that is really little more than spam. I’m going to approach this post a bit differently, positing some theories about cold email marketing at the start. If everyone ends up doing it, the effectiveness is lost. Even if it’s a miracle cure, too many people are poorly trained in administering it. Even in perfect form, the sheer amount of emails can overwhelm. You must have patience. People don’t all move at the speed of marketing. The recipient must truly benefit and get value from your request. Cold email  marketing can be done well, just like guest posting still has a place, but too often, in the wrong hands or from marketers who are too busy and have an eye on numbers instead of the hearts of the people. It is something ugly. A Tale Of Frustration True-story time, so that you can learn from my pain. I generally receive a fair amount of emails each day from people who want me to look at their blog post or ebook. They tell me quickly that they’ve mentioned me or something I’ve written in their content, and would I please... Check it out. (Pretty vague, and it doesn’t tell me how I’m going to benefit, only that I’m going to have to give up time to do it.) Review it and see if I agree. (Feels like being baited, but I might bite depending on how they worded the email.) Comment on it. (Again, time consuming and how do I benefit by giving you social proof?) Give them pointers on how to make it better. (I find this confusing; I don’t have time to spot-edit other content. I think this is supposed to be flattery, but I would advise wording this kind of request carefully.) And, most importantly, would I share it with my followers lots and lots of times. Some I respond to, and some I don’t. Because I’m an introvert  and also fairly regimented in what I allow myself to do each day, that would interfere with work and personal time, so I don’t always respond right away. Many of these cold emails are hastily written and don’t offer any genuine reward. So if I don’t respond, I archive it away. Sometimes I’d get a follow-up email, wondering if I’d gotten the previous email, and repeating the original request. Some folks follow up the follow-up many times over, and that’s harassing. One day, I received a typical cold email. It said this: Hey Julie. I love your blog post X. The best part was this: X. Here is a quote I liked: X. We wrote something similar and I’d like you to check it out. I would love your feedback. Sharing it on your blog and social media would be great! :-) I read it, and I thought this: It’s a form email, with blank areas for personalization. They used the quote to prove they read my blog post, but is a large pull quote suggesting they didn’t actually read it. It feels like part of a massive campaign with an attempt at being personal. I don’t know this person. I archived it. Six days later I received this: Hey Julie. Just touching base again. While waiting to hear back from you, I read this wonderful post on your blog about X (same blog post mentioned in the first email). I liked it so much I shared it with my Twitter audience. Here is the tweet: (link to twitter.com, not any specific tweet or profile). Here is something similar: (same blog post they wanted me to check out last time). I hope you enjoy it. Do leave a comment or share it. I archived it. Clearly, a follow-up cold email form with sloppy attention to details. I’m not going to share content from anyone who isn’t careful about details, since the content I share and curate  reflects on me. Recommended Reading from Neil Patel: The 6 Types Of Social Media Content That Will Give You The Greatest Value Two weeks later, I receive an email from the same group. Unfortunately, they mixed up their copy and paste efforts, it seems, and it was for some guy I didn't know, containing an email reply chain. Same email template and wording, same blog post they were pushing. I responded back, letting them know of the mix-up and that their email hadn’t gone to the correct person. I also politely and pleasantly noted I was not interested in these types of cold emails. Ten days later, I received an email starting another round of the same templates for another blog post. I archived it. Ten days after that, someone else from that group made a friend request on some of my social media profiles and promptly sent me a message with a link to their LinkedIn Group. Sixteen days after that, I received a  cold  email announcing beta access to their app. They also asked if I would please sign up and promote their app on social media and on my blog to my friends? Ye gads. This is one example. I have many. I save the emails, because sometimes I can’t believe people are doing it. I want to say this to these folks who are going about cold email marketing in this manner: You keep taking up my time and bandwidth. What do I get out of this? Before you send cold emails, ask yourself: What does the receiver get out of this? #WIIFMWhat To Ask Yourself As You Write Your Cold Emails Assuming you’re not an influencer and that you’re looking to build your audience and get some new attention with the help of someone who has a bit of influence, what do you have to do to make cold email marketing effective again? Frankly, much of these next steps can work for any marketing approach, not just cold emails. 1. Did it jump the shark? Before we proceed too much farther, I’d advise you to learn how to evaluate a marketing technique and decide if it’s jumped the shark. This cold email technique may have, indeed, reached critical mass, if you have influencers and others grumbling about it on social media. It has been proposed by leading marketers as a winning technique for so long now  and has been used by those of us in the trenches, causing it to lose its power. But maybe not. What kind of responses are you  getting back? Perhaps your email method works, perhaps your style is off, or perhaps the technique is alive or dead. You decide. 2. Am I valuing the person? Signs of not  valuing the person you’re about to make a request of: Emails that fill up already crowded and noisy inboxes that are filled with jargon, insincere compliments, overly casual friend-talk from a stranger High request loads (share this, do this, review this) for busy people Constant â€Å"follow-up† And a barrage of simultaneous friend requests on every social network out there the same time you send the email That feels like a war campaign, not a genuine relationship. That feels like you’re checking things off a marketing list according to a schedule, and not seriously inquiring and engaging. You clearly want something from the person without any quid pro quo. Explore how you can bring true value to the influencer before you send #ColdEmail.3. Is my timeline off? Remember, people don’t move at the speed of marketing. Engagement is not a cold email and a follow-up. That’s little more than the digital form of advertising circulars in the mail that have my name on it generated from some database. Real relationships, and real engagement, takes time. You can’t flood the Internet with cold email marketing in hopes of fast returns. In other words, do not spray your emails out to random influencers and strangers, taking the shotgun approach and hoping something sticks. That’s a good way to ruin your reputation and have your email marked as spam, or categorize you as a â€Å"troublesome" emailer. You must focus on specific people with specific communication tailored directly to them personally and genuinely. Their interests. Their concerns. Thoughtful responses. That level of communication necessarily reduces the amount of emails you can send out, and it stretches out the timeline. While it would be nice to think of cold emails as a campaign-based technique that fits a particular timeline centered around a specific set of content, I am suggesting that era has passed. It may have worked that way when the technique first developed, but if my inbox is any indication, getting a flood of emails based around the latest content piece someone is pushing that month and my reaction to it (as well as the now-gone tweet mentioned earlier), it's leaving a bad taste in people’s mouths. 4. Is there any real interest? If you don’t hear back, you didn’t hear back. Don’t follow-up your follow-up your follow-up your follow-up. Don’t send messages on other social network messaging systems, too. If the person isn’t interested, move on. And tell the rest of your team as much. They’re just not that into you. If someone doesn't reply to your #ColdEmail, they're just not that into you. Move on.What You Need To Do If you’ve asked yourself those questions and are legitimately good to go forward, you need to know how to do it right. 1. Pre-engagement engagement. Choose a few influencers or people you’d like to target in the hopes that they will do the same for you. Be creative. Pick a few who aren’t on the top of everyone’s list, perhaps. Look for people who: Are active on social media. Have followers who are active. Have lots of blog comments. Are in the habit of promoting others or doing what you’re ultimately going to ask them to do. Are someone you’ve engaged with legitimately (i.e. not looking to get something from) in the past. Have responded to you in the past. Are doing something unusual, unique, or have a brand or thing going on that is different from everyone else that you are  truly interested  in. Please notice:  You’ve engaged with them in the past without trying to get something from them. And also, please notice: Someone doing something you’re truly interested in. Do you see people as merely a means to an end? Do you target influencers who are merely in your niche or have the fame, or are you actually interested in what they say and do? If you aren’t truly interested, you’re going to have a tough time forming a legitimate relationship and communicating with them on a real level. Do you see people as merely a means to an end? If yes, influencer outreach isn't for you.Remember this, because I’m going to harp on this and allude to it for the rest of the post: Natural conversation stems from true interest. Real relationships stem from caring about someone else. If you’re a well-known person in your niche, and considered an important and relevant influencer, you might be able to get by without some of this. After all, you can’t care about everyone; you’d be exhausted. But most of us aren’t, and you need to lay the groundwork of genuine friendliness first before launching requests. If your first contact as an unknown quantity is market-ese, empty flattery, a form email, and â€Å"do this for me please†, you failed. You did it wrong. 2. Inject tangible value into your communication. Remember, this cold email technique doesn’t work unless you genuinely have something of value to offer the recipient. And by genuine, I don’t mean some sort of empty flattery or suggestions of assumed or forced quid pro quo (â€Å"I share your stuff all the time. You should do the same for me.†) You need to add some value. And you need to show that you value the actual person. Adding value and benefits is easy enough. You know the drill. You offer the recipient access to exclusive information or data, a free copy of your ebook, a guest post, help with something, first use of an infographic- that kind of value and benefit is easy to understand. But how do you show the person that you value them? Simple: You assign time or money to the interaction. In a busy and fast world, time and money carry weight. You could send a postcard. A letter. A Graze box. A holiday card. Treats for their whole team. A hot new book on their Amazon wishlist. If the person constantly gushes about Yo-Yo Ma on their social media feeds, send them a Yo-Yo Ma CD. If they love Star Wars, send them something Star Wars-y. Donate to their favorite charity. Spend months conversing about non-marketing things like you would with a friend. Offer to help them here and there, early on, before popping a request (â€Å"I’d be happy to be a beta tester/bug finder† or â€Å"I can create some graphics for you if you need a little help.†). This isn’t about being a creeper or about breaking some sort of pay-to-play laws. It isn’t a guarantee they will do what you want. It’s merely saying with action that the person matters and you took the time to show it. Talk is cheap, especially online, and when I get something that took time or money to communicate with me, I pay attention. That person was willing to expend something of value to them in order to get my attention. For example, I recently received a letter from a blog reader from Kentucky who had read a post I’d written here on the blog. And by letter, I mean paper, in an envelope, with a stamp. He wanted to thank me for writing on a topic that he hadn’t realized he should learn about, and felt he needed to let me know how much it had helped him. So I wrote back. I responded. If that person asks something of me, I will certainly be paying attention and more likely to at least respond again. I’m going to be bold and say that being personal is the only way to stand out now. Clever or flattering language in an email doesn’t really do it. It’s not enough, anymore, to run the data and find a â€Å"slow email† day so your email doesn’t get lost in the shuffle because, truthfully, there are no slow email days. They’re all pretty heavy, with some days being merely slightly less heavy. Say  with action that the person matters and you took the time to show it. #OutreachIf you simply can’t imagine doing anything more than email, block out the time to send real emails long before you need to make a request. You might: Ask their opinion about something they are interested in (anything other than about a post you just wrote). Ask questions, as if they were a mentor (but no links to your site right away). Sincerely tell them how their writing has helped you. Share some content with them that isn’t yours. Tell them why you thought it might help, or how it fit in with what they have previously talked about. And then wait a bit before repeating. You’re establishing that you’re not just out for what you can get. When thinking of cold contacting an influencer to gain traction for your content, ask yourself these questions: What is too common? What is uncommon? How can I make this happen using something uncommon? You know what happens when you add benefits and show the email recipient they are valuable to you? They see your request  as being more valuable. You took the time to add value to it, therefore, it is a more valuable request. This is a simple equation. 3. Don’t care so much. This one technique, that of cold emails, cannot be the cornerstone of your marketing plan. If it is, you'll care too much. If you care too much, you’re going to chase after it too hard. You’re going to â€Å"follow up† to the death and ruin your chances of future success. I’m not proposing apathy, but patience requires you not to sit and stare at your phone waiting for the email to arrive. Be Picky. The crucial question is this:  What can you do  (not just say) that shows you invested time and/or money into your communication? What have you done that shows you value the person? What can you do (not just say) that shows you invested time/money into your #Outreach?If you have the mindset that the person you’re making the request of is more valuable than your request, you won’t slip into spammy and frustrating behavior, and something, ultimately, will come from your efforts. So, in recap: 1. Pick your request. By deciding that you will add true value (backed by time and money) to your request, you’ll be less sloppy and more casual in the requests you make. Instead of pushing every third blog post, you'll take the time to create some kind of content that truly matters. 2. Pick the person. Use the list and choose your email recipients wisely. A bigger list isn’t always best. Be sure you only take on what you can handle in a personal manner. 3. Pick the method. Choose a creative way to communicate to get the recipient’s attention, but remember to do it early on before you begin to make requests. Be uncommon. If email is the only route you can go, remember that caring about people and communicating that genuinely without wanting something in return is, in and of itself, uncommon.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

Assignment Example 2. Another reason for this is that people don’t remember the bad times i.e. the depression. Many have a sense of security that has developed because of the structure laid out by the public sector through social security and unemployment benefits. In reality when and if things get that bad the state will not be able to support its people to that extent and those with little or no savings will be in a lot of trouble. 3. The form of money is also a problem. It’s no longer just coins and banknotes, money is now cards and spread through the internet. People have lost their sense of money. Credit cards seem to perpetuate the feeling that there is an unlimited supply of money that one has. Most people just keep spending more and more without realizing that eventually the money will run out. As opposed to this if they had a physical set amount in their hands they would have to be much more careful how they spent it because they would be able to see exactly what they were doing to their money. 4. Popular culture is another culprit because it promotes the materialistic attitudes that people have. Most people want to copy the lives of their favorite characters on screen. In order to make their lives like those of the character they are willing to spend a little more. The country’s media system is one of the most developed in the entire world and hence has a huge influence over the core

Reflecting on whether it is in the best interests of the business Essay

Reflecting on whether it is in the best interests of the business community for there to be constraints on a government's disc - Essay Example Nevertheless, this report looks at the nature of fiscal and monetary policy and implementation may affect business specifically with regard to investment. In the end, the report postulate that there is little effect resulting from expansionary fiscal policy and that it has little effect on demand, output, and employment. Also, the report notes the important role business community should play in fiscal and monetary policy making since they constitute the largest group that get affected by these policies. Governmental Discretion over Fiscal and/or Monetary Policy Introduction Business activities are affected by different factors macro and microenvironment operation environment. While microenvironment sometimes may be within the control of the organization, macro-environment –on the other hand involves external factors that affect the business, which in turn may define the success or the failure of the organization. For example, macro-environment spans politics, economics, socia l matters, technology, legislation, and eco-environment (Elearn Limited and Pergamon Flexible Learning 2005). Political environment particularly legislative environment constitutes specific set of external business environment that business communities in any given country have been forced to adhere to. For example, monetary and fiscal policy process in any country has affected business in the positive way or negative way given the nature of the particular legislation law. Therefore, the focus of this paper will dwell on investigating and finding out whether it is in the best interests of the business community for there to be constraints on government discretion over fiscal and monetary policy. Exploring the concept of fiscal and monetary policy Both fiscal and monetary policies are seen to be interrelated and key tools to the development of many countries especially the developing one. For instance, fiscal policy constitute all measures that are adopted in order to increase the ge neral welfare through the public control of resources by means of public spending, resource mobilization and price fixation in public and semi-public enterprises (Elearn Limited and Pergamon Flexible Learning 2005). Today, fiscal policy has been embraced as a toll of development strategy when analyzed in broadest sense it can be seen that it provides a set of instruments to pursue both the best use of resources in terms of efficiency and equity and their maximum possible use in terms of employment, price stability and satisfactory rate of growth (Mukherjee 2007). Exhibiting characteristics of monetary policy, fiscal policy performs a very critical and beneficial role in the economy and analysis has shown this kind of policy performs two important roles in the economy with regard to raising financial resources for development (Mukherjee 2007). First, fiscal policy constitutes a set of mechanisms that ensure the country’s employment level is maintained at its full capacity and as such, the aggregate capacity to save does not go down (Mukherjee 2007). Secondly, it helps to raise the marginal propensity to save of the community above the average propensity to the maximum extent possible without discouraging work effort or violating the law of equity (Mukherjee 2007). Fiscal, together with monetary policy, are seen to be two

Political Violence and Gangsters Essay Example for Free

Political Violence and Gangsters Essay Eventually, due to many reports of violence and killings being associated with D’Andrea, he decided to withdraw from politics instead of his political ambitions being linked with blood shedding. Immediately after his withdrawal from politics, he and his friend started receiving death threats. On May 11, 1921, as D’Andrea was moving to his home with who used to be his bodyguard, they parted well and on reaching his doorsteps, he was attacked and suffered internal bleeding. Other incidences of violence which were politically oriented were witnessed in Chicago city after Merriam Charles who was a professor lost in the elections of Chicago reforms. He made it clear that Chicago was the most corrupt city in America. Until the times of Cermark, the issue of one monolithic was no more, but instead establishment of a collection of mini machines. Such machineries were controlled by prominent political factotums who dispensed their jobs in favor to their home constituents in return due to their loyalty on the material election date. An alderman’s clout purely depended on liability of political structures and schemes to have his vote delivered. In this city, the question of either winning or losing never rose to the politicians but the organizations definitely won the battles through all means because always the court was based on pluralities. (Write here Author’s name)Could you write here author’s name please? Introduction. The Chicago’s criminal reputation preceded long the wars between beer and Al Capone. Although they were born during the same year as sensationalists, American’s new and penny press fear of a masteries working class, the city was perceived even to its earliest observers as a hotbed of immorality and criminal events. Cases of theft murder, rape and crimson among other mayhems became the town’s breaking news in most of the media services. According to the cities complain that the business stealing horses had been reduced to a regular system in 1840, the tribune echoed the perception of the countless Chicagoans (Wirth 1965, p.77). Within the course of the same year, around 2,500 cities’s first hangings were reportedly and confirmed. As the time went on, observers from both beyond and within the city continued to note the existence of identifiable events of crime under ward. In the democrat ward, it was still getting to be notorious fact that pickpockets, thimble, robbers, three-shell game players and broad cases of sly tricks application to cheat become perfectly in the city. The criminal reputation in the city was enhanced by the visibility of vice (Brumer 1969, p.28). Within a half century’s period, more cases of gambling were reported in the city than the larger city of Philadelphia and more per capita than in New York. The vice was first concentrated in a certain area along the river of Chicago known as the ‘patches’ where by the tribune interpreted it as the most beastly sensuality and darkest place of criminal events. The city’s reputation was also wicked as many people witnessed the fire of that time as divine retribution which was against a modern day of Sodom and Gomorrah. The case of lawlessness after the conflagration provided no cause for optimism. One of the newspapers called the city reported that the entire city was infested with groups of burglars, thieves and cut-throat, bent on plunder and also murdered. The fire did not show any sense of redemption whereby the Chicago’s reputation darkened with time. As a result of existence of the image of lawlessness, violent labor dispute crisis increased especially with the Hay market crisis (Davis 1960, p.78). Understanding Political Violence. There is more to the modern political regions than the political religions and rituals sematics as it is assumed regarding to National Socialism and other regimes in totalitarian. Political style and other ideologies do not matter although they provide an answer to as how dead certainty came to be achieved by the ultimate mission. The revolutionary terror furies and sacrifice of the national revivalism give provision that in the current world, it is the region that is in violence but not the violence in region. Human rights violations, including the torture, kidnappings and murder were the daily phenomenon in Chicago city in 1920th. It had become a normal issue that disappearances and murder of labor leaders, kidnapping, union organizers and leftists to be increase especially during the events of politics. According to the research, many people were assassinated as a result of politically motivated killings in the country. Political violence and social change should be considered as the major factor as a breeding ground for violence. The focus should be to the armed organizations mainly the terror perpetrators who are not within the military operations. The aspect of how the political and economic situations in different social strata and how they link with violence should also is considered. Both armed organizations and terror contribute to economic decline. Armed conflicts are more common in the transitional societies like Chicago than in advanced countries (Green 19995, p.65 ). The killing of the vice leader by the name Jim Colosimo in the year 1920 which was the first year of prohibition, indicated a new phase in Chicago’s violence. The violent bloodily a beer wars between the year 1924 and 1930 made Al Capone very famous and the city synonymous with a new phenomenon of gangsterism. Notoriety in Chicago city grew due to series of violent incidences including; the 194 violent shooting of gang leader Dion O. Banion in his flower shop in North side, 1926 machine gunning of Hymie Weiss near the Holy Name Cathedral, 1929 Saint Valentine’s Day massacre which was done to seven people in a clerk street garage. These cases were very widely reported in the international press and also became the incidents of subjects of the popular contemporary plays and books (Haller 1973, p.254). Political Violence and Gangsters. To outline how politics contributed to violence activities in Chicago in 1920th, Chicago’s Union Siciliana elaborates how the decade was marked with series of slaughter. The organization of Unione siciliana was like a mafia group which was very mysterious. It was composed of the Camorra and the Black Hand. This organization was among thousands of fraternal organizations established in America for the purpose of mutual benefit in the societies. It was organized in the Chicago city and had limitations in membership. Depending with the organizations rules, the natives from other countries were interested to join and they were allowed, whereby at the end of first world war, there were many lodges of non Sicilians among them being Tuscan lodge, the Ventiam lodge, the Roman lodge and many more (Mc Garry 2004, p.556). The Union had no leadership but only membership. The leadership of Unione siciliana was exclusivity a stone in the shoe in most infamous gangs always. Al Capone whose heritage was in Neapolitan was associated with the responsibility of the killings of the most Unione Siciliana leaders during the 1920s due to their gang allegiances. Within the decade of 1920s, Anthony D’Andrea was appointed as the leader of the Chicago’s Unione Siciliana. Being born in Sicily, Anthony was a graduate from Palermo University who was a linguist and at the same time, he had studied priesthood. In the year 1902, he was convicted due to counterfeiting and forced to serve 13 months in the prison. In 1903, a former student of D’Andrea interceded on his behalf whereby Anthony was pardoned by the president Theodore Roosevelt. In Chicago, Anthony D’Andrea was known as the former power in the old red light district because in his early teens he was linked as being in connection to a certain gang of Italian counterfeiters and also bank robberies that based operations throughout the country. During this time, Ignacio who was also called Lupo the wolf Saietta was put under arrest in the city of New York and imprisoned. On the other hand Anthony and Frank Milano were also involved in counterfeiting and apprehended in Cleveland and both charged. This indicated that the Italian underworld criminals may have been networking together for long time prior to prohibition (Merriam 1929, p.78). When Anthony D’Andrea was released from prison in the year 1903, he proceeded to Chicago and settled in the so called 19th ward. He was interested with politics and joined local unions. D’Andrea’s Brother Joseph who was the president in the Sewer Diggers was later involved in the Peon system of extorting money from the Italian robberies. As a result, he was murdered on the canal street during a labor quarrel as they were budding the Union’ station. Consequently, it was noted that his brother Anthony D’Andrea would take his position of a presidency. John powers had been the Alderman and the democratic political boss in the 19th ward since the year 1888 had won the Alderman’s post in the ward for 16 elections consecutively (Shapiro 1988, p.143). It is from this time when the ward transformed from predominately Irish to around 80 percent Italian. Most of the democrats started to look for Italian democrat to represent them whereby Diamond Joe was the representative of Italian republican voters within the ward. Earliest on, the split between powers and D’Andrea had been noticed in 1915. The difference was due to each one of them supporting a different mayor candidate. In 1916, D’Andrea presented himself for the Democratic nominations against powers picked candidate James Bowler. In the same year, a Bowler supporter was killed in a Taylor street saloon. Police from streets of Maxwell claimed Lombardi Bowler’s killing as being just the latest addition to Black Hand toll. On the same month, Chicago’s daily tribune printed an article with title that, police on guard in two homes in Mafia terror (Hagan 1978, p.112). According to the article, it indicated that police had full confidence that the killing was as a result of Sicilian feud as it was opposed to the 19th ward political war. According to John Landesco with organized crime in Chicago, he declared that D’Andrea was the elected as the Unione Siciliana’s president which was one of the strongest organizations of foreign groups in America. When power noticed his defeat, he tired to make peace with D’Andrea whereby D’Andrea accepted to support powers for adreman’s position. The Supreme Court of Illinois however voided the election results and Powers took the position. When these events turned, there was a declaration of political war to the death (Gosnell 1937, p.432). On September 28, 1920, an explosion of bomb was witnessed on the porch of Alderman Power’s residence. Powers political rivals claimed that, Powers was keeping the house on Alister place so they intended him to claim residency within his 19th ward. Sometime after the explosion, Anthony D’Andrea was recorded announcing his candidacy as a non partisan for alderman’s position in that 9th ward. On the Feb. 11, 1921 just eleven days before the elections of the aldermanic, another powerful explosion of bomb was evident at Anthony D’Andrea’s political rally in the building on the Avenue of Blue Islands. After the incidence, Alderman Powers was the most sympathetic man. In response to these incidences, the Illinois state’s Attorney Robert E. who for long had proved to be a person of integrity reacted to the bombing incidences through vowing to have new state bill. He declared that, whoever was to be caught with bombing cases would serve for 25 years in penitentiary with death sentence as the maximum punishment. He also added that whoever who was to be caught placing a bomb where it can endanger children or women would be hanged. Chicago city had very tough and terrible conditions in the nineteenth ward. The gunmen were patrolling all over in the streets. Many bump off and kidnapping threats were being offered to D’Andrea while his supporters were being threatened and slugged. Gunmen and cutthroats had been imported from Buffalo and New York due to campaign intimidation. Within less than one week later, on the Feb. 18th, an explosion was made at the home of D’Andrea’s territorial area which adversely spoiled D’Adrea’s political offices of campaign headquarter. Immediately after each occurrence of bombing, Powers covered himself through posting $2,000 as a reward to capture and arrest the concerned perpetrators (Lesswell 1939, p.87). On the elections day in Feb. 22, 1920, security officers were ready very early in full force throughout Chicago city. They succeeded to arrest around 150 men during the day time. The most notorious one was Edward O Donnell who was the leader of a certain gang in southern sides. The day’s biggest catch included that of dynamite. In the area where the law enforcement officers called the headquarter for pre-election bomb outrage in the 19th ward, the security officers managed to raid a certain farm near the 71st street and the Avenue Central park. They were able to collect around 200 pounds of uncovered dynamite and many sacks of blasting powder indicating that those were the major bomb manufacturing centers. From the residence, two men were arrested (Wirth 1973, p.99). Within the 19th ward, more than 450 police officers were stationed. Before noon on the same day, 50 violators were under the police custody. In surprise, despite the fact that many security officers were put in place, three people from the camp of powers including the election judge and the precinct captain had already been kidnapped in the morning section. Power emerged as the winner by a slim margin of only 435 votes. This however did not put to an end the criminal activities and war. In less than just three weeks after conducting the elections, two precinct captains of Powers where killed mercilessly by gangsters. On March 9th, 1920 at around 9 in the morning section, Bailiff A. who was a municipal court Deputy was attack by two bandits as he walked to work. Just a few distant from that scene the same man was attacked again and hit nine times to death. After the murder of Bailiff A, another man by the name Raimond was also murdered while in his store of cigar on Taylor Street. After the incidence, two of the killers ran from the store and dropped one of the murder weapons on sidewalk. It was immediately speculated that most of the gunmen who were involved in the two killing were imported from New York. On April, 12 of the same year, D’Andrea who used to carry a gun for his own safety purposes was arrested after a social club was raided where the gun was found in his pocket. Also several men were arrested for being found gambling in the club (Woodiwiss 2001, p.71). Eventually, due to many reports of violence and killings being associated with D’Andrea, he decided to withdraw from politics instead of his political ambitions being linked with blood shedding. Immediately after his withdrawal from politics, he and his friend started receiving death threats. On May 11, 1921, as D’Andrea was moving to his home with who used to be his bodyguard, they parted well and on reaching his doorsteps, he was attacked and suffered internal bleeding. Other incidences of violence which were politically oriented were witnessed in Chicago city after Merriam Charles who was a professor lost in the elections of Chicago reforms. He made it clear that Chicago was the most corrupt city in America. Until the times of Cermark, the issue of one monolithic was no more, but instead establishment of a collection of mini machines. Such machineries were controlled by prominent political factotums who dispensed their jobs in favor to their home constituents in return due to their loyalty on the material election date. An alderman’s clout purely depended on liability of political structures and schemes to have his vote delivered. In this city, the question of either winning or losing never rose to the politicians but the organizations definitely won the battles through all means because always the court was based on pluralities. (Landesco,1973) During the Election Day, a message was being sent stating that the enemy should be punished and destroyed such that he can never think of politics again in future. The end justified the resulting means in time of insuring a victory decisive in the often grim Darwinistic struggle for life and death. Threat campaigns, brass knuckles, and even murder came to be the only preferred tactics methods especially when the normal ways of using propaganda and persuading voters seemed not to work. The violence associated with Al Capone and the terror campaigns during the election eve in 1923, he waged against the other political bosses of Cicero. Al Capone tried to invade the blue-collar factory in Chicago town when things proved to be too not for him. Capone was the only piker in the town. Intimidation and violence was the Chicago’s way out, and its roots historically extended very much in those times as compared to the rollicking era of Big Fellow and the bathtub gin. Chicagoans much involvement was in the political elections results not considering distractions of the professional sports televisions and other diversions of 20th century than today. In every ward, there was organization of social clubs which aimed to boost the areas preferred candidates. In the city, there were pageantry of colorful parades, torch light rallies, bombastic oratory emissions of sets of smoke were all over the meeting halls and also scattered all over the city (Adamic 1931, p.56). All these events were to show important senses ethnic pride hopes neighborhood identity, fears and also prejudices which vested in candidate’s fortune and enough courage to descend out of the same dominant nationality which was found within the wards. At times a Republican club or the Democratic club engaged in rival organizations which represented some other districts and the ethnic groups in woolly and wild free for alls which were often settled by bats, bricks and also pavement stones. In 1928, Aiello Capone war was still controlled by Unione Siciliana in Chicago. In April, 1928 elections, Capone supporters were heavily backing their Uniuone Siciliana candidate Bernard Barasa. This group had been associated with a number of explosions in connection with his campaigns although he lost the battle to the incumbent with more than 100, 000 votes. Immediately after the primary elections, Capone left for Miami Beach. In late June 1928, other leaders who included Fischetti Charley, Dab Serritella and Jake Guzik visited the boss. Soon they were accompanied by the famous machine gun jack and other killing twins who had been associated with murder of two Chicago killings of police officers. They discussed the fate of Frank Uale, who was the national president of Unione Siciliana in the state of New York. The next visit of Capone to Chicago was to attend the funeral of Lombardo Anthony, who was the Capone; sponsored president in Chicago.Lombardo had been killed by Aiello forces. As Capone was leaving Chicago, he met Lollordo and discovered that he could be threat to him in aspirating the presidential seat. On January, 8, 1929, Lolordo was shot with .38 Caliber guns without any warning (Landesco 1931, p.68). Conclusion. Some few years later, the long awaited reformist aim of shadowy conspirators who were seeking for control of Chicago’s violence situation got the public attention in the city when vice entrepreneur and boot legging Al Capone and Torrio John rose and prominence shocking violence. Their main agenda discussed about the earliest depictions of the criminal events which oriented from election activities during the boot legging time. They ignored many illegal businesses from international liquor trading networks t neighborhood soft drinks parlors. It also ignored public demands for booze which focused on competition in violence among the gangs in dominations of the illegal trading especially in urban space. Their illustrations also show the fuzzy and ever shifting turf of major gangsters around 1925 which suggests that no Chicagoan could control some of the gang. Generally these criminal events indicated that the city of Chicago had no well established rules to govern the country’s activities. It is also noted that most of the organizations associated with violence were supported and funded by the prominent political aspirant’s. At the same time, more groups of gangs formed due to the advantage of political crisis. For instance, the robberies, arson, rape among other evil events. All these symbolized government’s failure to provide enough security force to curb the problem. References. Adamic L, (1931), Dynamite: The story of classic violence in America, London. Asbury H, (2002).The Gungs of New York.London. Brumer H, (1969), Symbolic Interactionsm.Berkly. Davis H, (1960).Reinhold Niebuhr on Politics: New York Gosnell H, (1937).Machine Politics: Chicago Model. Chicago. Green P, (1995).The Mayors: The Chicago Political Tradition. Carbondale. Hagan J, (1978).Modern Criminology. New York. Haller M, (1973).Organized Crime in Chicago Part iii of the Illions crime survey 1929.Chicago. Landesco J, (1973), Organized Crime in Chicago: Part iii of the Illions Crime Survey 1929.Chicago. Lasswell H, (1939).World Revolutionary Propaganda: A Chicago Study. New York. McGarry j, (2004).The Northern Ireland Conflict: Consociational Engagements. Oxford. Merriam C, (1929).Chicago: A More Intimate View of Urban Politics.New York. Shapiro H, (1988).White Violence and Black Response: Amherst. Wirth L, (1965).On Cities and social life.Chicago. Woodiwiss M, (2001), Organized Crime and American Power. Toronto.